Comparison of Canadian and U.S. Health Care Systems

Comparison of U.S. and Canadian Health Care Systems Quinn Sullivan California State University East Bay Abstract Health care is an essential service needed by citizens. As a result, the government plays an important role by designing an appropriate health care system for its citizens. In this paper, a comparison between the health care system in the U.S. and Canada has been made. Using various literary sources, the comparison has been done considering the four components of health care services delivery; financing, insurance, delivery, and payment. The findings indicate that the health care system in the U.S. is expensive but more efficient than the single-payer health care system in Canada.†¦show more content†¦The delivery of health care services in both Canada and the U.S. is discriminative towards immigrants. Immigrants in Canada are adversely affected compared to those in the U.S. In Canada, immigrants are less likely to have a pap test on time compared to immigrants in the U.S. (Guyatt et al., 2007). The waiting time for medical services is long in both countries. The waiting tim e is mostly determined by the number of medical doctors and facilities available in relation to the population. According to the report done by the American Medical Student Association (2011), it was discovered that the doctor-to-patient ratio in the U.S. is more than in Canada. As a result, the survey discovered that about 42% of patients in Canada had to wait for about two hours compared to the U.S. whereby 29% had to wait for two hours. Also, 43% of Canadians compared to 10% of Americans are forced to wait for about four weeks to see a specialist. In addition, the same study discovered that 37% of Canadians compared to 34% of Americans found it difficult to access medical services during weekends and holidays. As a result, 47% of Canadians compared to 50% of Americans felt that it would have been possible for them to be treated on a regular basis than on an emergency basis if medical personnel were available (American Medical Student Association, 2011). 2 The Cost of Health Care, and AdministrativeShow MoreRelatedHealth Care Infrastructures Around The World Essay938 Words   |  4 Pages Health care infrastructures around the world are under great scrutiny due abundance of population getting closer to retirement. The U.S., Germany, and Canada all face extended costs issues for sustainable health care, as U.S. costs lead the way. Majority rank Germany and Canada health system above, but don’t take in the consideration the vast difference in populations. 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Operations Management Final - 1708 Words

Operations Management Final Report Case Study (1) Gate Turnaround at Southwest Airlines (Chapter Six) (2) Constraint Management at Southwest Airlines (Chapter Seven) (3) Lean Systems at Autoliv (Chapter Eight) Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã§â€˜Å¾Ã¥â€¦â€¹(Derek Silkebaken) D974557 2012Ã¥ ¹ ´1æÅ"ˆ2æâ€" ¥ Chapter 6 Planning Capacity Video Case: Gate Turnaround at Southwest Airlines Q1. How can Capacity and utilization be measured at an airline such as SWA? Answer: Capacity is the maximum rate of output of a process or a system. And utilization is measured as the ratio of average output rate to maximum capacity. In Southwest, capacity can be measured in available seat-miles (AMS) pre month. Therefore, utilization can be measured as the ratio of average seat-mile rate to maximum†¦show more content†¦Q2. Which boarding scenario among the different ones proposed would you recommend for implementation? Why? Answer: In my personal opinion, â€Å"assigned boarding gate line positions based on both boarding group and gate arrival time† is the most workable. The principle to assign position based on boarding group can satisfy the customers who travel in group and want to sit together. The customers might be family, friends or couples. Then the principal of gate arrival time is to meet the rule: first come, first served. If the assignments of the positions are according to the arrival time, there are few customers would complain about the unfairness. Therefore, customers would like to follow the rules and accept the assigned positions. The high-quality and fast customer service will impress all his customers. Q3. How should Southwest evaluate the gate boarding and plane turnaround process? Answer: Southwest should check if it can manage all potential bottleneck are effectively. 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International Industrial Relations - Convergence and Divergence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2434 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category Analytics Essay Type Analytical essay Topics: Globalization Essay Did you like this example? I. INTRODUCTION There has been a growing interest in the issue of globalization, internationalization, best practices adoption and its impacts on the convergence of national employment relations system. Many scholars concludes that at the industry level, the needed changes to be more flexible and internationally competitive has led to several common patterns in term of employment relations. Meanwhile, others argue that cross-national variations such as culture, economic stage of development, institutions workers, behavioral mindset still exist and constitutes diversity within and between nations. This essay will review some of the most relevant literature, research and debates surrounding the topic as well as explore different viewpoints in order to make an insightful understanding of these processes. The paper will also compare and contrast two of three most dominant national models: Anglo-American and Japanese model (another is Rhineland-German model) as a case to reflec t how convergence and divergence in term of employment relations system moving unstoppable. II. CONVERGENCE – COMING TOGETHER 1. Globalization Impact Convergence of employment relations system across national borders was predicted in the early days by many scholars. They stated that globalization and international trade may put pressure on firms to standardize practices and policies. Convergence theory was developed by American Harbison and Myers (1959) and Kerr et al. (1960). They view similar political and economic systems is the result of industrialization process and rapid growth of advanced technology. While the theory itself does not specify on industrial relations or human resource management, but its approach can be applied to gain understanding of the issue. Globalizations impacts on HRM come via the opening and penetration of economies to external forces. This is two-way process, with both indigenous firms and multinational enterprise adopt each others HRM pra ctice. For example, foreign direct investment (FDI) promote new HRM practice from home country to host country (home-country effect) or alliances/ mergers and acquisitions between organizations facilitate the personnel transfer/relocation, in turn lead to potential convergence. Kerrs view in the 19060s received criticism due to the over-simplification of industrial development, too much emphasis to the technology impact. Nevertheless, Kerr and other scholars like MAcDuffie (1995) argued that the forces of convergence was more likely to overwhelm national differences. 2. Best Practice Effect Convergence theorists also debate the spread of best practice effect and benchmarking. What is considered best practice is subjective and variable between authors, sectors and time. To simplify, we can take Gennard and Judge (1993)s defined best practice (in employee relations) as managing by behaving in a fair and reasonable manner which help to add value to the business. They assumed that firm across nations would have to converge to best practice, otherwise losing the competitive advantages. From the industrial relations perspective, it means that HRM system need a more comprehensive and integrated mechanism, rather than a pick and mix of few practices in order to gain their performance (Pfeffer, 1994). It is also important to notice that best practice benchmarking occur in two different scales: internal or individual firm practice, for instance the use of particular technology, production system, labor division, inventory management system, etc and external or inter-firm practice, such as customers and suppliers relations, related industries collaboration or educational institution relations. Furthermore, universal-type theorists believe internationalization forces (political, socio, economic and technological/STEP) will push national system, including industrial relations and HRM towards uniformity. It is argued that all countries are influenced by these fa ctors therefore government will provide similar responsibilities regarding to workforce, infrastructure and competition for international investment (Salamon ,1997). In short, the transfer of universal best practices around the world resulting in convergence system, both at enterprise (internal and inter-firm) and national (constitutional and industry) level. 3. US Japan Case The next part of paper will analysis, compare and contrast between two very different nations: Japan and U. S. A in term of employment relations and corporate governance model, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. This would be an example to illustrate how the convergence process varies during the time periods. Japanese companies were relatively organization-oriented, meaning that employment was of extended duration and turnover low, training was extensive; and internal considerations equity, seniority-dominated decision making on wages and allocations. Stakeholder corporate governance and enter prise unions supported the firm s organizations orientation, All these implies centralized HR function in Japan. On the other hand, U. S s employment practice tended to be more market-oriented with shorter job duration and higher turnover, low training expenditures, pay and allocation based on ongoing rates and other external criteria. Corporate governance privileged shareholders, and unions were either industrial in orientation or did not exist. HR function is decentralized in U. S. In the 1980s, the flow of management was from east to west, with the idea of Japanization of work organization, quality systems and industry relations. During this period, U. S economy struggled, productivity declined, inflation rose while Japan experienced one of most glorious days of economy. American realized they should learn the Japanese economy model of high levels of coordination between business and government, well-balance between stakeholders, highly trained workers as well as just-in-ti me method. However, in the 1990s, the flow has reversed with Japanese companies experienced pressures to adapt U. S- style corporate governance and market-oriented employment practice. U. S now enjoys macroeconomic success, generate millions of new jobs while Japan and Europe experienced slow growth and high level of unemployment. American model with flexible employment arrangements, shareholder sovereignty, decentralized companies recaptured the lead as slower-growing peers such as Japan and Europe regarding the model as the best. Generally, this two economies become more aware of each other, they compare themselves and more likely to adopt each others practices, especially at the level of the industry in which they complete. For example, U. S investors are active in Japan, trying to persuade local executives to adopt U. S- style business practices, just as U. S policy makers have been urging the Japanese government to emulate American laws regarding trade, commerce and intel lectual property. On the other hand, Japanese firms have made huge amount of investment in U. S and have considerable U. S based employees who adopt to Japanese-style practices. Over time, the U. S and Japanese firms resembled each other and this could be considered a type of convergence. However, not all ideas were borrowed. The Meiji reformers in Japan during nineteenth century picked and chose the national models that were considered best practice of the day, but they favored those that fit with Japanese characteristics. For instance, French police system over the English version. As in 1980s, Japanese learn about the American superior economic system, but only those elements that best fit with Japanese practice. Japanese labor law is an example of how Japanese borrow American elements but still preserve their underlying structure. . Limitation of universalistic theory Convergence theory is contradictory as criticism states that they are too simplistic, assume all organization s implement practice in the same way while in fact they only benchmark what considered best fit practice elements into their system. In addition, best practice would not bring competitive advantage if all other firms can imitate those practice as well. The theory also focus on the system and practices but ignore variations in national context such as institutions and culture. III. DIVERGENCE MOVING APART While many convergence theorists support that there is one best practice of HRM approaches for organizations across nations to follow in order to fit the external environment regardless of differences in technology or stability of environment, it fail to explain how these managerial ideas and practice are interpreted, implemented and respond vary at individual, firm, industrial and institutional level. 1. Culturalism Perspective One of the criticism emphasis on the remained cultural differences between economies. The popular work of Hofstede (1980;1992) can applied to explain the variation in management aspect. Culture is defined as the collective programming of mind of individuals or groups which is reflected in particular assumptions, beliefs and norms held by that person or groups. Apply these perspective to employment relations area, these cultural factors was believed to be of the main important elements that shape management behavior and working practice, therefore bring about divergence. Hofstede concluded that each country will have distinct national economic culture ince they respond differently along axis of four dimensions (power distance, individualism, masculinity and uncertainty avoidance) US-Japan Case Japan For example: individualistic in the US encourage personal incentives versus collectivism in Japan which remunerates group achievement and minimizes pay differentials . Or high uncertainty avoidance in Japan, favor social stability, guarantees of job security while low uncertainty avoidance in America indicates high degree of labor mar ket mobility. Therefore, each country would end up with each own distinctive national economic culture because they respond differently along each of four culture dimension. Limitation of Perspective However, this cultural approach also have its limitation because it assumes that individual cultural attributes that influence economic behavior held constantly over time. In fact, many value and individual perceptions change such as Japanese adapt to more individualism base view from Western, especially in the case of young generation. Furthermore, the assumption of these cultural characteristics may led to bias, cultural stereotypes or misunderstandings. In addition, it completely ignore the wider institutional context such as national legal framework, business system variations as well as industrial orders. Given that limitation, other authors like Whitehill (1991) argues that cultural should not only include values held by individuals but also the structure of the firm and soc iety. These boarder factors are referred to as institutional approach 2. Institutional Perspectives The institutional view argues that the traditional values and practices are embedded in a countrys social and economic institutions. Maurice et al. (1986) argues that variation in educational institutions, organization structure produce national distinctive patterns of institutional framework. Whitley (1998) who adopt these perspectives in explaining the pre-industrial history and industrialization process shape the national business system. Similarly, Kotsova (1999) defined the term country institutional profile (CIP) as a country set of 3 institution: regulatory (laws, rules), cognitive (schemas, frames), and normative (values and norms). He also mentioned the gap between HRM practices and mindsets that result in failure of internalization- the deeper process when employee make commitment to, satisfaction with and psychological ownership of the practice. Adopt of best practice in HRM therfore does not lead to global harmonization but differences as the effect of negative internalization process or divergence between All these view can be utilized to explain the variations within and between nation in term of HRM and industrial relations US-Japan Case For example, the success of Japanese economies would not be explained only by its strong work ethic; and discipline but should include other institutional factor like government support, substantial enterprise training. direction and availability of skilled workforce. These institutional factors create national culture gaps between countries (Horng, 1993) and constitutes huge barrier to the convergence process. Both the cultural and institutional approach above can be utilized by scholars to argue that national employments relations system and practices are varied. Even convergence at the global level in terms of political, economic, socio and technological forces as mentioned on the first part, diverg ence still remain. Divergence remains at the national and intra-national level (macro) since these forces are interpreted, responded and implemented by different way with each countrys unique tradition and cultures. At the firm, employee level (macro) divergence occurs since each individual have their own distinctive behavioral mindsets to make commitment and internalization the newly adopted practice. Kottova, 1999:311) Furthermore, each countries are at different stages of industrial and economic development, different way technology configured and used, different choice to make their distinctive political-economic framework best fit with global environment, gap between theory and reality of practice are considered reasons that all create divergence. 3. Convergence and Divergence- not subtitles but complementary Recently, scholars realized that divergence can happen inside the convergence trend to some extent as other way around. Youndt et al. 1996 support the view by argues that convergence and divergence both simultaneously occur, only at different level of HRM systems structure. Universal and best practice effect are likely to occur at macro level (structure, technology) and divergence at micro level (internal fit, culture and behavior mindsets). To summaries, transfer of best practice and convergence of Industrial relations system is a matter of degree, not of kind. What aspects and how much choice is determinants that shape the divergence inside that kind (Taira, 1990). IV. CONCLUSION Through the paper, I have examined the impacts of globalization on the national employment system, using Japan and US model as example to explore different viewpoints of convergence/divergence perspectives. On one side, multinational enterprise apply global standards to their employment system with best practice transferred at various levels, therefore push the convergence button. On the other side, institutional and mindsets differences, the level of HRM practice integ rated, internalization, implemented push the divergence button. More importantly, it was agreed that both process occur simultaneously and there is no best practice for all. Depend on their own unique culture and structure. firm will design their own HRM practices as their strategic advantages to be globally successful. References Whitley, R. (1998) Internationalization and Varierities of Capitalism: The Limited Effects of Cross National Coordination of Economic Activities on the Nature of Business System. Review of International Political Economy, 5: 445-481. Harbison, F. and Myers, C. (1959) (eds. ) Management in the Industrialized World. NY: McGraw Hill. Kerr, C. , Dunlop, J. , Harbison, E. H. , Myers, C. (1962). Industrialism and industrial man. London: Heinemann. MacDuffie, J. P. (1995) International Trends in Work Organization in the Auto Industry: National-Level vs Company-Level Perspectives in K. Wever and L. Turner (eds. ) The Comparative Political Economy of IR, Ith aca, NY: ILR Press, 71-113 Gennard, J. , Judge, G. (1999). Employee relations. London: IPD. Pfeffer, J. (1994). Competitive advantage throgh people. Boston, MA: Havard Business School Press. Salamon, M. (2000). Indstrial relations: Theory and practice. London: FT/Prentice Hall Hofstede, G. (1980) Cultures Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. London: Sage. Hofstede, G. (1993) Cultural Constrains in Management Theories. Academy of Management Excutive, 7 (1): 81-93. Whitehill, A. (1991) Japanese Management, London: Routledge. Maurice, M. , Sellier, F. and Silvestre, J. J. (1986) The Social Foundations of Industrial Power, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Kostova, T. (1999). Transnational transfer of strategic organizational practices: A contextual perspective. Academy of Management REview, 24(2): 308-324 Horng, C. 1993). Cultural differences, Trust and their relationships to business strategy and control. Advances in International Comparative Management, 8:175-1 97. Youndt, M. A. , Snell, S. A. , Dean, J. W. , Jr. , Lepak, D. P. (1996). Human resource management manufacturing strategy, and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 949-969. Taira, K. (1990). From Americanization of Japan to Japanization of America in HRM/IR. Paper Presented at the Forty Third Annual Meeting of the INdustrial Relations REsearcch Association (pp. 467-475). Washington, D. C. : IRRA Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International Industrial Relations Convergence and Divergence" essay for you Create order

U.S. Virgin Islands as a Vacation Spot Essay - 539 Words

US Virgin Islands has a lot to offer whatever it is you are looking for. I am sure you can find it there. The US Virgin Islands are my favorite place outside of Philadelphia because of it stunning landscaping, unlimited duty free shopping and outstanding weather. In US Virgin Islands you can enjoys all activities anything from water sports around the island to a short boat trip to St. John?s and St. Croix. You can take advantage of the duty free shopping or enjoy yourself on the beautiful sandy beaches. Charlotte Amalie is the capital of the United States Virgin Islands and one of the most popular cruise ports in the Caribbean. Charlotte Amalie is where the cruise ships dock and the white and pastel houses are heavily sprinkled against†¦show more content†¦Magens Bay is a beautiful one mile stretch of white sand located on St. Thomas?s southern end. The beach offers calm crystal clear blue water with a little current which is great for just floating around. Snorkeling is available along the rocky coast which is beautiful. The palm trees are perfectly placed along the edge of the beach therefore, if you want some shade it is available. US Virgin Islands is home to world famous shopping. Hundreds of duty free shops line the streets and alleys of the capital of St. Thomas, Charlotte Amalie. Multiple buildings in Havensight, where most cruise ships dock, house shops and boutiques. There are smaller malls around the island and even the larger hotels offer shopping. The best buys in the islands include jewelry, alcohol, china, crystal, perfumes, art, clothing, watches and cameras. Most of the jewelry stores offer stones that are not available in the states. These stones include blue diamonds, canary diamonds, colored topazes and much more. Most of these stones are not available in the states because of the price. In the US Virgin Islands theses purchases are duty free and tax free. The weather in US Virgin Islands is always beautiful and on an average 80 ° F year round. The sun is hot and there is always a light wind which keeps you cool while on the beach sunbathing or enjoying shopping. There is never a cloud in the sky and never a rain shower during the day. The weather is also great forShow MoreRelatedThe Caribbe A Vacation Destination For Guests Of All Ages1096 Words   |  5 Pageshas some beautiful vacation destinations that offer a plethora of activity opportunities and experiences for families, backpackers and honeymooners alike. Whether it is about a culinary trip or a relaxed couple’s retreat in a secluded beachfront villa, Caribbean destinations have it all to fulfill your wishes of an once-in-a-lifetime vacation. With wide choices of lodging to choose from and endless activity opportunities, each destination in the Caribbean is a dream vacation spot in itself. 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Some welfare recipients are using their EBT cards to pay for a vacation or some luxurious item which is payed for by taxpayers. People go out and work all day so that they can provide for themselves but also pay their taxes which then goes to the welfare programs, so it is completely unethical for the recipients to go out and take vacations when the people paying for it might not be able to afford these kinds of trips. In his article Welfare RecipientsRead MoreVirgin Blue Annual Report47891 Words   |  192 Pagesworked for a company where I’ve had so much opportunity to broaden my horizons, both career-wise and travel-wise.† Margaret lewis, Cash Management accountant More than four years service pictured: Five members of the Van Dongen family who all work for Virgin Blue. the report. annual report 2009 From left: – First officer luke Van Dongen – Cabin Supervisor Clare Van Dongen – Captain arch Van Dongen – First officer Jacinta Van Dongen – Captain Ben Van Dongen â€Å"Each day brings a new adventure! WorkingRead MoreShort Cases19708 Words   |  79 Pagesacquisition cost of $12.50; annual margin, $15; and 60 percent customer retention rate. c. Distribution Strategy: In addition to CDs, Sonik distributed products for other online retailers. AmeriNet Radio operated 43 radio stations in the southeast U.S. and sold CDs though its stations’ websites. It approached Sonik for an exclusive arrangement. Sonik would close its retail operations and become the sole distributor for all CDs sold through AmeriNet’s websites, charging its normal handling fee. Sonik’sRead MoreUnited Arab of Emirates Country Notebook18844 Words   |  76 Pagesabove 90m (300ft). Furthermore Dubai has been the world ´s catalyst regarding construction and project development until the world economic crises started. The world was able to witness the creation of palm jumeirah the world’s biggest artificial island. UAE has become the source of new developments in order to differentiate their country to others. Within the UAE each area takes a different approach. III- Social Institutions: A-Family: The United Arab Emirates(UAE) is part of the Gulf StatesRead MoreUnited Arab of Emirates Country Notebook18844 Words   |  76 Pagesabove 90m (300ft). Furthermore Dubai has been the world ´s catalyst regarding construction and project development until the world economic crises started. The world was able to witness the creation of palm jumeirah the world’s biggest artificial island. UAE has become the source of new developments in order to differentiate their country to others. Within the UAE each area takes a different approach. III- Social Institutions: A-Family: The United Arab Emirates(UAE) is part of the Gulf StatesRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pagesdisruptive innovation to show how individuals can develop the skills necessary to move progressively from idea to impact. By identifying behaviors of the world’s best innovators—from leaders at Amazon and Apple to those at Google, Skype, and Virgin Group—the authors outline ve discovery skills that distinguish innovative entrepreneurs and executives from ordinary managers: Associating, Questioning, Observing, Networking, and Experimenting. Once you master these competencies (the authors

Details Of Hiv And Aids Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The intent of composing this paper was to farther educate myself, and any other readers, on the inside informations of HIV and AIDS. As a kid turning up in the 1980s, I vividly remember the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic here in the United States. The media was saturated with information ; so much so that even at a comparatively immature age I remember being reasonably good informed about ( and terrified of ) the disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Details Of Hiv And Aids Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The positive was that that fright, and the sum of information that I had accumulated, stuck with me through life. I practiced safe sex ( every bit much as possible ) non merely to forestall gestation, but largely to avoid catching HIV or any other STI. Recently something occurred to me. I can non remember the last clip I ‘ve heard reference of HIV or AIDS in the media. While it ‘s non surprising the topic is n’t the hot subject it was about 30 old ages ago, this deficiency of attending may be a hurt to younger coevals ‘s cognition of the disease. I ca n’t talk about the Public School system, but in my ain ( private, spiritual school ) instruction from K – 12th class, I can mensurate the sum of sexual instruction I received in mere hours. It ‘s difficult to be concerned about a subject you may cognize following to nil approximately. My ain cognition of these diseases has non grown since high school. This was the inspiration to take this subject to compose on. I feel this subject is particularly relevant to college age pupils. At this clip in their lives, they may happen many chances to prosecute in hazardous behaviours that may take to exposure to HIV/AIDS. Without proper cognition, it may be easy to disregard the disease as non being unsafe any longer. After all, why worry about it if no 1 talks about it any longer? It must non be that large of a trade, right? Students this age demand to cognize that the disease is still prevailing, still incurable, and still really lifelessly. Being informed agencies they have the tools to protect themselves and do better picks to remain safe. HIV ( Human Immunodeficiency Virus ) and AIDS ( Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ) are classified as a retrovirus, intending that it replicates by occupying a normal organic structure cell, destructing the cell ‘s Deoxyribonucleic acid and so copies its ain Deoxyribonucleic acid into the cell ‘s chromosomes. By reiterating this procedure over and over the virus spreads through the host. Infections begin by geting HIV. As the virus spreads, it begins to assail and destruct the organic structure ‘s immune system cells, specifically CD4+ T-cells. Once a individual ‘s measured CD4+ falls below half of the normal sum and they have developed one or more timeserving infections, they are diagnosed as holding AIDS. ( Johnson, 2008 ) ( The effects of the virus on the organic structure will be detailed in a ulterior subdivision ) To convey the HIV virus, bodily fluids such as seeds, vaginal fluids or blood of an septic individual must come in the blood stream of another. As such, some of the most common paths of infection include unprotected sex and sharing acerate leafs used for endovenous drug usage, tattooing or organic structure piercing. Other methods include blood transfusions ( though current testing techniques have reduced this to virtually nil ) or mother-to-infant transmittals through blood during gestation or bringing, or through breast milk while nursing. ( Hunter, 2005 ) The first instance of HIV/AIDS was non discovered until around 1981, in the United States. Within one twelvemonth, 1500 new instances of what would finally go known as AIDS were diagnosed. ( Patton, 2002 ) Since that clip the figure of people known to be populating with HIV/AIDS worldwide has skyrocketed. Harmonizing to statistics from the World Health Organization, as of 2008 about 33.4 million people across the Earth are presently populating with HIV. ( World Health Organization [ WHO ] , 2008 ) How common is the problem/issue in the United States? For the first several old ages of the epidemic the reported instances of AIDS in the United States continued to lift, hitting a high point of 79,752 new instances being reported in the twelvemonth 1993. From the beginning of the epidemic in 1981 through the twelvemonth 2000, and estimated sum of 733,374 people had been diagnosed with AIDS. ( McElrath, 2002 ) Since so the figure of new instances has decreased and become reasonably changeless, with the new estimation being about 37,991 new instances reported and a cumulative sum of 1,106,391 people diagnosed with the disease since the start. The figure of people populating with HIV in the United States has continued to lift over the old ages, and it is estimated that as of 2006 over 1 million people are infected with the disease, with 42,439 new instances reported in 2008. ( Center for Disease Control and Prevention [ CDC ] , 2010 ) The disease seem to be more prevailing among work forces. 73 % of all new HIV/AIDS instances diagnosed in 2006 were work forces. ( Hock, 2007 ) Certain cultural groups are disproportionately affected by the disease every bit good. African Americans make up about 12 % of the U.S. population, but history for about half of the entire population life with the disease every bit good as half of the new infections reported per twelvemonth. Likewise, Hispanics/Latinos comprise 17 % of the state ‘s population but history for for 17 % of those populating with the disease and the same per centum of new infections per twelvemonth. ( CDC, 2010 ) The rate of new infections among both sexes of these minorities is several times that of Caucasians. HIV/AIDS is besides more prevailing amongst the immature, specifically striplings and immature grownups. Of the sum reported instances of AIDS through 2008, merely about 9,349 were diagnosed in kids under the age of 13. The age scope of 20 – 40 seems to be the hardest hit, and comprises about 2/3 of the entire figure of instances reported in the U.S. through 2006. ( CDC, 2008 ) How common is this problem/issue in other states? Sub-saharan African states have been hit the hardest by HIV/AIDS. Of the 33.4 million people in the universe life with the disease, over two tierces of them ( 22.4 million ) reside in this country of the universe. It is estimated that in 2008 entirely, 1.9 million new people were infected with the disease. South Africa itself is place to an estimated 5.7 million people infected with HIV/AIDS. ( Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS [ UNAIDS ] , 2009 ) Prevalence rates of the disease vary from state to state, but about all are above 10 % . The state with the highest degree of prevalence is Swaziland, with 26 % of its grownup population infected with HIV. ( WHO, 2008 ) The chief method of transmittal of the disease in this part is via heterosexual sexual contact, although the â€Å" usual † hazard groups are besides represented. In blunt contrast to the United States in respect to prevalence rates between sexes, Sub-saharan adult females are the bulk of the septic. As of 2008, 60 % of the entire HIV infections in the part were female. This is thought to be largely due to the sex trade in the part ; nine states have reported that over 30 % sex trade workers are confirmed HIV positive. ( UNAIDS, 2009 ) There is good intelligence sing the epidemic in the part. Many states have been sing diminutions in prevalence rates and new infections over the past old ages. For illustration, Zimbabwe, which in 1997 reported an grownup prevalence rate of merely under 30 % has seen a steady diminution since so. It ‘s current rate of 15 % , while still high, shows unbelievable advancement in decelerating the spread of the disease. The figure of entire people populating with the disease is really high, but portion of the figure is due to the fact that septic people of the part are get downing to populate longer thanks to better intervention options. ( WHO, 2008 ) This, coupled with better consciousness and instruction of the disease and a general displacement towards better sexual patterns is get downing to convey a step of control of the epidemic Tho the part, but much more work demands to be done to truly acquire a grip on the job. What are the negative effects of this job on the person, household, and society? The most obvious consequence of the disease on the person is, to be blunt, decease. As HIV continues to destruct a individual ‘s immune system, they become susceptible to timeserving infections. This means that sicknesses that a normal immune system could contend off with easiness become serious jobs in those with the disease. It is these infections that cause decease due to AIDS ; the organic structure becomes more and more worn down by invariably combating the disease and its infections until it merely can non go on to contend. ( Hunter, 2005 ) There are other effects non limited in range to the septic individual ‘s organic structure. In the earlier old ages of the epidemic when cognition of the causes and transmittal methods of HIV/AIDS was ill-defined, there was a definite fright of those populating with the disease. This increased as it was made clear that the disease was non entirely limited to homosexual work forces or injection drug users, the two groups who comprised the bulk of initial diagnosings. Some provinces enacted Torahs to divide septic individuals from the remainder of the population. ( Siplon, 2002 ) People populating with the disease lost their occupations and medical insurance due to their septic position. They besides found themselves alienated by friends and household who merely did n’t cognize how to get by. ( Patton, 2002 ) There was a definite feeling of a divide in society between those with the disease and those without. A illustration of such a divide could be seen in the instance of Ryan White in 1985. Ryan was 13 old ages old at the clip he was diagnosed with AIDS received via a blood transfusion. When his infected was discovered he was barred by school functionaries from returning to category. After taking the affair to tribunal and winning he was allowed to return to category merely to confront more favoritism. Even though wellness governments assured the populace that the disease could non be transmitted casually, people did non like the thought of a kid infected with a fatal disease around their kids. Protests occurred outside the school daily, and the full household was capable to menaces and other signifiers of torment until they were finally forced to relocate to a more accepting community. ( Siplon, 2002 ) Today, with better apprehension of the disease and its transmittal methods there is far less fright of those infected with the disease. However, there still seems to be a spot of a stigma attached to being infected with the disease, possibly likely due to the fact that is still at this clip incurable. ( McElrath, 2002 ) Describe how another civilization or state view this job. One interesting instance to analyze is that of Kenya. While other states acted to seek to control the spread of HIV/AIDS, Kenya did non. Alternatively, Kenya continued to deny the significance of the disease, both politically and and socially. A strong stigma was attached to what the state viewed as â€Å" a disease of homophiles and aliens † . No Torahs exist to protect septic people from favoritism. HIV trials are platitude in the employment procedure, and negative consequences are required to measure up for most life and wellness insurance policies. ( McElrath, 2002 ) There has even been talk of implementing a policy of compulsory presentment of sexual spouses by people infected with HIV. ( Patton, 2002 ) The community as a whole seems loath to face the possibility that they may be infected. As such, the sum of people who choose to voluntarily be tested for the disease is really low. Peoples are besides really loath to uncover their HIV positive position to others due to th e ostracization that may happen. Kenya has been slow in its attempts to battle the disease. Attempts have been made but seem to ever hit opposition, or merely a dreamy attitude toward the job. Plans to include information about generative wellness and HIV/AIDS into the school course of study were met with heavy resistance from parents and the spiritual elements of the authorities, and were finally abandoned. In 1997 Parliament passed a sessional paper detailing the state ‘s program to stem the disease, but it did non hold the power of jurisprudence. Since so few of the commissariats that were set Forth in the paper have come to fruition ; the authorities still seems to be dragging its pess to turn to the issue caput on. A National Aids Control Program was established, but placed really low in political importance and has been mostly uneffective. ( McElrath, 2002 ) Describe at least two ways how 1 might get by with this sexual job or issue. It is true that there still is no remedy for HIV/AIDS, but medical interventions of the disease have improved greatly over the old ages. In the early old ages, there was merely one drug known to battle the HIV virus: AZT ( azidothymidine ) . Before that drug existed, physicians were limited to handling the timeserving infections that developed in their patients ( Patton, 2002 ) Nowadays there are upwards of 30 different drugs. The most common drug intervention therapy is called HAART ( Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy ) , more normally known as the â€Å" AIDS cocktail † . In this therapy a patient will take a combination of several different anti-HIV drugs. This slows the patterned advance of the disease into full blown AIDS ( by several old ages, in some instances more than 20 ) , evidently increasing the endurance rate of the patient. Even after the oncoming of AIDS, HAART intervention can assist forestall timeserving infections from developing. This comes at a monetary value ; long term usage of this therapy could take to other serious wellness hazards such as coronary bosom disease. A patient may besides construct an unsusceptibility to a type of drug over clip. ( Hock, 2007 ) Many policies sing HIV/AIDS have besides been instituted. One of the biggest is the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency ( CARE ) act enacted in 1990. This provided federal support to plans that provide attention and other support for people infected with the disease. There are plans aimed at bar of the disease, such as ( voluntary ) HIV/AIDS instruction in schools, doing AIDS information available to the general public every bit good as aiming specific high hazard demographics, to controversial plans such as needle exchange plans for endovenous drug users and doing rubbers readily available in high schools. The Americans with Disabilities Act included people populating with HIV/AIDS, protecting them by jurisprudence from favoritism. ( Siplon, 2002 ) All of these techniques have helped to increase the quality and length of life for septic people. Choose the attack you feel best addressed and/or solves the problem/issue and depict why this method is better. While I believe research to forestall and perchance bring around the disease is a worthy outgo of resources, modern medical specialty is still a long manner from happening a remedy. To truly extinguish the disease, the first measure should be to seek to extinguish the causes of it. Therefore, it is my sentiment that the better header method would be to concentrate on policies and plans to battle HIV/AIDS, specifically plans on bar. There is grounds that such plans work. In one survey done in New York between 1990 – 2001, after needle exchange plans were implemented HIV prevalence dropped from a high of 54 % to a depression of 13 % . ( Patton, 2002 ) An Australian study stated that during 1990 – 2000, an estimated 25,000 HIV infections had been averted due to needle exchange plans. ( McElrath, 2002 ) Although these plans are controversial, they produce consequences. Possibly the strongest instance point is Uganda, located in Sub-Saharan Africa. The authorities responded caput on to the disease when the range of the epidemic became clear. It implemented policies for attention of the septic, plans to distribute instruction and consciousness of the disease and its methods of transmittal, and better sex instruction for the population. It besides better educated people of the methods for safer sex, and made rubbers widely available and provided direction on proper usage. ( McElrath, 2002 ) The consequence of these policies is amazing ; prevalence of HIV in Uganda has dropped from a high of 15 % to an unbelievable 5 % . ( UNAIDS, 2008 ) This shows that decently funded and executed plans and policies can hold a profound affect on the prevalence of the disease. While it ‘s non a remedy, decelerating and possibly halting the spread of HIV/AIDS is the best class of action to prosecute while scientific discipline continues to seek for a lasting remed y. Describe at least one get bying technique or method utilized by another civilization or state. The state of Brazil ‘s National AIDS plan ( PN-DST/AIDS ) has instituted legion policies for intervention of those with HIV/AIDS every bit good as instruction and awareness plans aimed to stem the spread of the disease since its origin in 1985. Possibly the most extremist policy is that of supplying free drug intervention therapy ( including HAART ) to anyone necessitating it. Numerous ( but still non all ) infirmaries are equipped and able to supply equal attention for septic people. Surveies of the epidemic in the state are performed on a regular basis every two old ages to track incident rates and roll up other statistics. Millions of dollars have been spent on telecasting and wireless runs to assist educate and distribute consciousness of the disease in the population. Educational stuffs were made widely available to the people ( with specific stuffs distributed to the high hazard public ) and a monthly paper detailing the disease and bar techniques is distributed to rate s chool pupils. Programs advancing rubber usage and distribution were besides created. Several hundred nongovernmental organisations formed with partial support from PN-DST/AIDS and have been priceless helping in the executing of these plans. ( Okie, 2006 ) While an project of this magnitude is a baronial attack to contending the disease, it comes at a steep monetary value. Funding for PN-DST/AIDS came about entirely from an tremendous loan granted by the World Bank ( about $ 650 million ) Obviously this debt entirely is a monolithic hurdle for the state to get the better of in the coming old ages. It must besides non merely acquire out from under the debt, but continue to fund the plans without incurring heavier debt. The drugs provided free to patients are highly expensive to purchase, and at that place have been jobs maintaining the supply filled adequately ( this is frequently made the duty of province or other municipal services ) . ( McElrath, 2002 ) Even with these jobs the state has made definite headroom in contending the disease. Decision HIV/AIDS is still as lifelessly today as it was when it was foremost discovered. However, much advancement has been made in contending the disease. We now have drug interventions that greatly increase the length of life of septic people, and are more educated world-wide on the inside informations of the disease and how to avoid it. I believe these are the grounds why at that place seems to be less attending paid to the disease in current times. With better cognition and interventions, the fright that the disease one time spread has dramatically decreased. Many new infections occur every twelvemonth, but the Numberss are far less than they used to be. There is besides less of a stigma placed on persons populating with the disease. While this surely is a good thing, we ( talking globally ) can non go lazy in our attempts. Education and bar plans must go on to see that future coevalss are able to properly protect themselves. HIV/AIDS is non a disease that is typically acquired through sheer opportunity ; certain behaviours open us up to changing degrees of hazard. Until the clip comes ( if it of all time does ) that we find a complete remedy, forestalling new incidents of the disease is where our attempts need to be focused. How to cite Details Of Hiv And Aids Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Play Essay Example For Students

Play Essay The street crossing between 14th street and 15th ave. Holden bumps into Eminem. Holden: (stuttering) Um.um I, I am sorry mister. Eminem: See normally I would beat you up but you seem like a nice guy so its ok.no problem. Scene 1:Characters-Jessica, Marissa and MarySetting- Glencoe Police Station, The two girls have been arrested for possession of marijuana Mary: Ok girls. (All three girls giggle)Mary: Im going to take care of a few things, Ill be right back. Mary gathers the papers in her hands and leaves the roomMarissa: She is so nice!Jessica: I know, I wonder if maybe shell just let me stay here for a nightMarissa: Im sure it could be arranged, do you mind if I ask why though?Jessica: I just am thinking it would have to be the safest place for me once my parents find out.. It cant be so bad, free food, a place to sleep. The clothing isnt that great, but Im sure eventually I would adjust. Marissa: Yeah, thats a good plan, Im sure a little north shore girl like you could last 10 minutes in prison. Jessica: Hey, I could too. How hard could it really be?Marissa: Havent you ever seen Oz?Jessica rolls her eyes at MarissaMarissa: What! I was kidding!Jessica: This is really neither the time nor the place. Marissa: Sorry (mumbles) just trying to ease the tensionMary walks back into the room with a phone in her handMary: Here Jessica, you want to try your parents again?Mary hands Jessica the phoneJessica: Thanks. Everyone pauses a second as we wait for Jessicas parents to answer the phone, however, she cannot get a hold of themJessica: No ones homeMary: Do they have a cell phone you could try them on?Jessica: Yeah, one sec. Everyone pauses again as Jessica once again tried to contact her parents. Jessica: No answerShit. Mary: Itll be ok, you can try again in 10 minutes. Ill just go put this backMary leaves the room to put the phone awayMarissa: Are you ok honey?Jessica: Kinda this is like adding insult to injury, the waiting is killing me. I mean I know it would be hard, but I would at least feel better if they just knew. If I could talk to them for a second. Marissa: Itll all be alright, dont worryJessica: (grunts)Mary walks back into the roomMary: Marissa, your father is here to get youJessica: Duh-duh-duh-duh-DUHMary and Jessica: Hehehe Marissa: SHHH! This is not a laughing matter (grinning)Marissa walks over and gives Jessica a hugJessica: Good luck RisMarissa: You too sweetie Marissa and Jessica: Bye. Marissa and Mary leave the roomJessica turns towards the audience and speaks to them, as she will several times throughout the play. This will be indicated by Jessicas line being fully underlined in the script. Jessica: So I guess you are wondering how it is I landed myself here? Where should I startI suppose Park Street is as good of a place as any .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee , .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee .postImageUrl , .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee , .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee:hover , .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee:visited , .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee:active { border:0!important; } .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee:active , .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueed0eb56a7f3486ce8f88708ccc307ee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Evidence of The Fantasy Theme EssayScene 2:Characters-Jessica, Marissa, Mary and Brian Setting- The two girls after smoking quite a bit of marijuana are driving along Sheridan Road. Jessica: Stop! Jessica: This is my friend Marissa. She is driving my car, and not very well. Marissa: Ooops (giggles) I thought it was a stop sign (continues to laugh)Jessica: You are going to get us busted! Seriously, you need to calm down, how could you get that confused with a stop sign anyway?Jessica: Ok, so Im a little paranoid, but wouldnt you be too? What kind of an idiot thinks a stoplight is a stop sign?Marissa: (in a more serious tone) I thought it was a blinking red, I didnt know, relax. Jessica: (mumbling) Youre relaxed enough for the both of us. Marissa: What?Jessica:

Project on Big Bazaar free essay sample

Due to very rapid industrialization all over the world the demand for the managerial personnel as well as skilled personnel has increased. The perfect study of Management involves both the theoretical as well as practical aspects. To survive in this highly competitive market â€Å"Practical Knowledge† is as relevant as the theoretical. This project is all about the theoretical knowledge which I have studied during the semester under the subject of event management. I have considered all the theoretical knowledge in the way so that the project maintains the tune as how an event should be organized.It is important that this plan contain a time line of everything that must happen and when tasks will be completed including the selection of the dates to the cleaning up of the show area at the end. It can be very difficult to predict how long it will take to complete every task, and at some point something will not go as planned. We will write a custom essay sample on Project on Big Bazaar or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Be sure to have sufficient buffer time in your schedules, and plan as early as possible. To better organize your show, the required activities will fall into three categories: Pre-show activities, Show Day activities, and After Show activities which have been discussed earlier in the project in detail.